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Pathogens
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Oral Microbiome and Human Systemic Health
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Oral Microbiome and Human Systemic Health

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2024) | Viewed by 9223

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Milena Radunovic

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Guest Editor
Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Interests: oral microbiome; biofilm; antimicrobials
Dr. Natalia Di Pietro

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), 66100 Chieti, Italy
Interests: inflammation; cell biology; cardiovascular disease
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The oral microbiome is a complex ecosystem of microorganisms that inhabit the human mouth, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and archaea. These microorganisms play a crucial role in maintaining oral health and are involved in the development of several oral diseases, such as dental caries, periodontitis, and oral cancer.

Recent research has shown that the oral microbiome also has a significant impact on human systemic health. The microorganisms in the mouth can enter the bloodstream through the oral tissues and, subsequently, impact various organ systems throughout the body.

Studies have found that an imbalanced oral microbiome can contribute to the development of several systemic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, respiratory infections, and Alzheimer's disease. The mechanisms by which the oral microbiome impacts systemic health are complex and multifactorial, involving inflammatory processes, immune responses, and the modulation of the gut microbiome.

Understanding the complex interplay between the oral microbiome and systemic health is a rapidly growing area of research, with potential implications for disease prevention and treatment. Maintaining a healthy oral microbiome through good oral hygiene practices and a balanced diet may be an important strategy for promoting overall health and preventing chronic diseases.

Dr. Milena Radunovic
Dr. Natalia Di Pietro
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at mdpi.longhoe.net by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pathogens is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • oral microbiome
  • systemic health
  • microorganisms
  • chronic diseases
  • immune responses

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 255 KiB  
Article
Prevalence of Subgingival Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study
by Nabil Khzam, Omar Kujan, Dorte Haubek, Aysen Arslan, Anders Johansson, Jan Oscarsson, Zeinab Razooqi and Leticia Algarves Miranda
Pathogens 2024, 13(7), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13070531 - 24 Jun 2024
Viewed by 431
Abstract
This paper aims to investigate the presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and to assess potential indicators of the risk of severe form(s) of periodontitis. A descriptive cross-sectional study of 156 consecutive patients with periodontitis was conducted. Subgingival plaque samples were collected from the participants. [...] Read more.
This paper aims to investigate the presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and to assess potential indicators of the risk of severe form(s) of periodontitis. A descriptive cross-sectional study of 156 consecutive patients with periodontitis was conducted. Subgingival plaque samples were collected from the participants. The identification of A. actinomycetemcomitans was performed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A descriptive analysis, a chi-square test, and a binary logistic regression statistical evaluation were performed. The prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans in this population of 156 participants was 17.30% (27 patients). The prevalence of stage-III periodontitis was 75.6% and greater in older men, while the prevalence of stage-IV periodontitis was 22.4% and greater in younger women. We observed a significant relation between the risk of severe periodontitis (stage-IV) and poor oral hygiene (p = 0.006), attendance at dental appointments (p ≤ 0.001), and familial history of periodontitis (p = 0.032). In conclusion, twenty-seven individuals were positive for A. actinomycetemcomitans. Poor oral hygiene, family history of periodontitis, and irregular attendance at dental appointments were identified as potential risk factors for severe periodontitis in this cohort. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbiome and Human Systemic Health)
11 pages, 382 KiB  
Article
Higher Prevalence of the Periodontal Pathogen Selenomonas noxia among Pediatric and Adult Patients May Be Associated with Overweight and Obesity
by Austin Williams, Jace Porter, Karl Kingsley and Katherine M. Howard
Pathogens 2024, 13(4), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13040338 - 19 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 969
Abstract
New evidence has suggested that oral and gut microflora may have significant impacts on the predisposition, development, and stability of obesity in adults over time—although less is known about this phenomenon in children. Compared with healthy-weight controls, overweight and obese adult patients are [...] Read more.
New evidence has suggested that oral and gut microflora may have significant impacts on the predisposition, development, and stability of obesity in adults over time—although less is known about this phenomenon in children. Compared with healthy-weight controls, overweight and obese adult patients are now known to harbor specific pathogens, such as Selenomonas noxia (S. noxia), that are capable of digesting normally non-digestible cellulose and fibers that significantly increase caloric extraction from normal dietary intake. To evaluate this phenomenon, clinical saliva samples (N = 122) from subjects with a normal BMI (18–25) and a BMI over 25 (overweight, obese) from an existing biorepository were screened using qPCR. The prevalence of S. noxia in samples from normal-BMI participants were lower (21.4%) than in overweight-BMI (25–29; 46.1%) and obese-BMI (30 and above; 36.8%) samples—a strong, positive correlation that was not significantly affected by age or race and ethnicity. These data strongly suggest that S. noxia may be intricately associated with overweight and obesity among patients, and more research will be needed to determine the positive and negative feedback mechanisms that may be responsible for these observations as well as the interventions needed to remove or reduce the potential effects of this oral pathogen. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbiome and Human Systemic Health)
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18 pages, 5441 KiB  
Article
Oral Microbiome Stamp in Alzheimer’s Disease
by Argul Issilbayeva, Aiym Kaiyrlykyzy, Elizaveta Vinogradova, Zharkyn Jarmukhanov, Samat Kozhakhmetov, Aliya Kassenova, Madiyar Nurgaziyev, Nurislam Mukhanbetzhanov, Dinara Alzhanova, Gulnaz Zholdasbekova, Sholpan Askarova and Almagul R. Kushugulova
Pathogens 2024, 13(3), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13030195 - 23 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1541
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that periodontal disease and alterations in the oral microbiome may be associated with cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) development. Here, we report a case-control study of oral microbiota diversity in AD patients compared to healthy seniors from Central [...] Read more.
Recent studies have suggested that periodontal disease and alterations in the oral microbiome may be associated with cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) development. Here, we report a case-control study of oral microbiota diversity in AD patients compared to healthy seniors from Central Asia. We have characterized the bacterial taxonomic composition of the oral microbiome from AD patients (n = 64) compared to the healthy group (n = 71) using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. According to our results, the oral microbiome of AD has a higher microbial diversity, with an increase in Firmicutes and a decrease in Bacteroidetes in the AD group. LEfSe analysis showed specific differences at the genus level in both study groups. A region-based analysis of the oral microbiome compartment in AD was also performed, and specific differences were identified, along with the absence of differences in bacterial richness and on the functional side. Noteworthy findings demonstrated the decrease in periodontitis-associated bacteria in the AD group. Distinct differences were revealed in the distribution of metabolic pathways between the two study groups. Our study confirms that the oral microbiome is altered in AD. However, a comprehensive picture of the complete composition of the oral microbiome in patients with AD requires further investigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbiome and Human Systemic Health)
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12 pages, 2385 KiB  
Article
Streptococcus mitis and Prevotella melaninogenica Influence Gene Expression Changes in Oral Mucosal Lesions in Periodontitis Patients
by Uros Tomic, Nadja Nikolic, Jelena Carkic, Djordje Mihailovic, Drago Jelovac, Jelena Milasin and Ana Pucar
Pathogens 2023, 12(10), 1194; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12101194 - 26 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1621
Abstract
Oral microbiome disruptions in periodontitis are related to the chronic inflammatory reactions that could in turn lead to the development of multiple oral diseases. The objective of the study was to assess the frequencies of Streptococcus mitis, Prevotella melaninogenica, and Prevotella [...] Read more.
Oral microbiome disruptions in periodontitis are related to the chronic inflammatory reactions that could in turn lead to the development of multiple oral diseases. The objective of the study was to assess the frequencies of Streptococcus mitis, Prevotella melaninogenica, and Prevotella intermedia in oral benign lesions, oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), and oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) and investigate the impact of these bacteria on the expression patterns of the selected (potential) target genes (PI3CA/AKT2/mTOR, DUSP16/MAPK14, and COX2). After sample collection (25 benign lesions, 30 OPMDs, and 35 OSCCs) and DNA/RNA extraction, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to detect bacterial presence and assess relative gene expression levels in different lesion groups. Prevotella melaninogenica was the most prevalent of the three analyzed bacteria, with the frequency being 60% in benign lesions, 87% in OPMDs (p = 0.024), and 77% in OSCC. The OPMD tissues in which Prevotella melaninogenica was present exhibited a higher expression level of AKT2 (p = 0.042). Significantly lower expression of DUSP16 was observed in OSCC tissues containing Streptococcus mitis (p = 0.011). The obtained results indicate a substantial contribution of P. melaninogenica and Str. mitis in the pathogenesis of oral mucosal lesions, possibly via AKT2 upregulation and DUSP16 downregulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbiome and Human Systemic Health)
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Review

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18 pages, 1233 KiB  
Review
The Bacterial Oral Microbiome in Children with Congenital Heart Disease: An Extensive Review
by Maria Hofmann, Nelly Schulz-Weidner, Norbert Krämer and Torsten Hain
Pathogens 2023, 12(10), 1269; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12101269 - 21 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1453
Abstract
Children with congenital heart disease have poorer oral health compared with healthy children. Oral diseases, such as dental caries and gingivitis, are associated with the oral microbiome. The objective of this review was to find evidence of differences in the bacterial colonization of [...] Read more.
Children with congenital heart disease have poorer oral health compared with healthy children. Oral diseases, such as dental caries and gingivitis, are associated with the oral microbiome. The objective of this review was to find evidence of differences in the bacterial colonization of the oral cavity of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) versus healthy children. A literature review was conducted according to predetermined criteria, including the need for controlled clinical trials. Half of the 14 studies that met the inclusion criteria reported significant differences in bacterial colonization in children with congenital heart disease. A variety of influencing factors were discussed. There is some evidence for alterations in the oral microflora as a result of physiopathological and treatment-related factors in children with CHD, but additional research is required to validate these findings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbiome and Human Systemic Health)
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23 pages, 4768 KiB  
Review
Evaluating Alterations of the Oral Microbiome and Its Link to Oral Cancer among Betel Quid Chewers: Prospecting Reversal through Probiotic Intervention
by Prerna Diwan, Mohit Nirwan, Mayank Bahuguna, Shashi Prabha Kumari, James Wahlang and Rakesh Kumar Gupta
Pathogens 2023, 12(8), 996; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12080996 - 30 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1931
Abstract
Areca nut and slaked lime, with or without tobacco wrapped in Piper betle leaf, prepared as betel quid, is extensively consumed as a masticatory product in many countries across the world. Betel Quid can promote the malignant transformation of oral lesions as well [...] Read more.
Areca nut and slaked lime, with or without tobacco wrapped in Piper betle leaf, prepared as betel quid, is extensively consumed as a masticatory product in many countries across the world. Betel Quid can promote the malignant transformation of oral lesions as well as trigger benign cellular and molecular changes. In the oral cavity, it causes changes at the compositional level in oral microbiota called dysbiosis. This dysbiosis may play an important role in Oral Cancer in betel quid chewers. The abnormal presence and increase of bacteria Fusobacterium nucleatum, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, Prevotella melaninogenica, Peptostreptococcus sp., Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Streptococcus mitis in saliva and/or other oral sites of the cancer patients has attracted frequent attention for its association with oral cancer development. In the present review, the authors have analysed the literature reports to revisit the oncogenic potential of betel quid and oral microbiome alterations, evaluating the potential of oral microbiota both as a driver and biomarker of oral cancer. The authors have also shared a perspective that the restoration of local microbiota can become a potentially therapeutic or prophylactic strategy for the delay or reversal of lip and oral cavity cancers, especially in high-risk population groups. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbiome and Human Systemic Health)
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Other

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19 pages, 3407 KiB  
Systematic Review
Difference in the Intestinal Microbiota between Breastfeed Infants and Infants Fed with Artificial Milk: A Systematic Review
by Francesco Inchingolo, Angelo Michele Inchingolo, Giulia Latini, Laura Ferrante, Elisabetta de Ruvo, Merigrazia Campanelli, Marialuisa Longo, Andrea Palermo, Alessio Danilo Inchingolo and Gianna Dipalma
Pathogens 2024, 13(7), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13070533 - 24 Jun 2024
Viewed by 392
Abstract
The gut microbiota (GM) plays a crucial role in human health, particularly during the first years of life. Differences in GM between breastfed and formula (F)-fed infants may influence long-term health outcomes. This systematic review aims to compare the gut microbiota of breastfed [...] Read more.
The gut microbiota (GM) plays a crucial role in human health, particularly during the first years of life. Differences in GM between breastfed and formula (F)-fed infants may influence long-term health outcomes. This systematic review aims to compare the gut microbiota of breastfed infants with that of F-fed infants and to evaluate the clinical implications of these differences. We searched databases on Scopus, Web of Science, and Pubmed with the following keywords: “gut microbiota”, “gut microbiome”, and “neonatal milk”. The inclusion criteria were articles relating to the analysis of the intestinal microbiome of newborns in relation to the type of nutrition, clinical studies or case series, excluding reviews, meta-analyses, animal models, and in vitro studies. The screening phase ended with the selection of 13 publications for this work. Breastfed infants showed higher levels of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, while F-fed infants had a higher prevalence of potentially pathogenic bacteria, including Clostridium difficile and Enterobacteriaceae. Infant feeding type influences the composition of oral GM significantly. Breastfeeding promotes a healthier and more diverse microbial ecosystem, which may offer protective health benefits. Future research should explore strategies to improve the GM of F-fed infants and understand the long-term health implications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbiome and Human Systemic Health)
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